HMRC notices

If you are self-employed, you may be able to claim tax relief on certain business insurance costs as an allowable expense. This means the cost can be deducted when calculating your taxable profits, reducing the amount of tax you may need to pay.

The insurance must relate to your business activities and be incurred wholly and exclusively for business purposes. For example, professional indemnity insurance premiums can be claimed as an allowable business expense where they protect you against claims arising from your work. Other professional costs, such as fees paid to accountants, solicitors, surveyors and architects, may also qualify where they relate to business activities.

You cannot claim relief for costs that are personal in nature or unrelated to your trade. It is important to keep invoices, receipts and other records to support any claims made.

Keeping accurate records of business insurance and professional costs will help support your claim and ensure that you only claim expenses that are allowable. If you are unsure whether a particular cost qualifies for tax relief, you should check HMRC’s guidance or seek professional advice.

If your personal details or circumstances change, you may need to tell HMRC as this could affect your tax position or entitlement to certain benefits.

You should notify HMRC if you get married or form a civil partnership, or if you divorce, separate or stop living with your husband, wife or partner. You should report these changes as soon as possible, as failing to do so could result in you paying too much tax or receiving a tax bill at the end of the year. If you receive Child Benefit, you must also tell HMRC separately about changes to your relationship or family circumstances.

If your spouse or civil partner dies, you should contact HMRC to report the death and any changes to your income following their death. You should also tell HMRC if you move home so they can update your contact details. HMRC is usually informed automatically if you legally change gender by applying for a Gender Recognition Certificate.

You must also tell HMRC about certain changes to your taxable income. Your employer or pension provider will usually report changes to your employment income or pension, but you must tell HMRC about other changes, such as starting or stopping income from self-employment or property, receiving taxable benefits such as State Pension or Jobseeker’s Allowance, getting benefits from your job such as a company car, or receiving income above your Personal Allowance.

You must also report other changes, such as receiving lump sums from selling shares or property that is not your main home, and income from inherited property, money or shares.

If you make self-assessment payments on account and expect a significant decrease in income, you should tell HMRC as it may be possible to reduce your payments. Keeping HMRC updated helps ensure you pay the correct amount of tax and receive any benefits or allowances to which you are entitled.

As a self-employed individual, whether a sole trader or partner, you must keep accurate records of your business income and expenses to back up your self-assessment tax return. You should also keep your personal income details up to date. Nominated partners will also need to keep partnership records.

You can also choose an accounting method. Since the 2024-25 tax year, the cash basis is the default. This means that you record income and expenses when money is received or paid. There will therefore be no Income Tax liability on monies not yet received. This is very different to traditional accounting where you record income and expenses by the date you invoiced or were billed.

Your records should detail all sales, income, business expenses and any grants received. If applicable you must also include VAT and PAYE records. Holding proof, such as receipts, bank statements and sales invoices, allows you to calculate profit or loss and present the records to HMRC if requested. You should ensure all your records are accurate and clearly identify business transactions.

You must retain your business records for at least 5 years after the 31 January submission deadline of the relevant tax year. For instance, if you sent your records for 2022-23 by the 31 January 2024 deadline then you must keep these records until at least the end of January 2029. If records are lost or destroyed, provide your best estimated figures and inform HMRC.

Maintaining diligent and accurate records for the specified period is vital for meeting your tax obligations and ensuring compliance with HMRC requirements.

Members of a Limited Liability Partnership (LLP) are normally treated as self-employed for tax purposes. However, special rules can apply where a member's terms of membership are more akin to the terms of an employee than a partner in a traditional partnership. These are known as salaried members.

The legislation applies a three-part test. A member will be treated as a salaried member for tax purposes only if all three conditions are met:

• Condition A – Disguised salary: At least 80% of the member's remuneration is fixed, or any variable element is not linked to the LLP's overall profits or losses. 
• Condition B – Lack of influence: The member does not have significant influence over the affairs of the LLP. 
• Condition C – Insufficient capital stake: The member's capital contribution is less than 25% of their expected annual remuneration.

To fall within the salaried member rules, an individual must perform services for the LLP in their capacity as a member. Some LLPs will strive to ensure that at least one of the conditions set out above does not apply to ensure these rules do not apply.

In addition, the rules do not apply to:

• Companies
• Individuals who only invest capital in the LLP
• Former active members who no longer provide services but continue to receive a share of profits.

When renting out property, landlords may have both Income Tax and National Insurance considerations to consider. However, rental income is generally taxable.

For individuals, the first £1,000 of rental income is tax-free under the property allowance. Where rental income exceeds this, landlords may need to register for self-assessment and report their income to HMRC. Reporting is required where net rental income exceeds £2,500 after allowable expenses, or £10,000 before allowable expenses. If a tax return is not usually completed, registration for self-assessment is required by 5 October following the end of the tax year in which the income first arose. 

In addition to Income Tax, some landlords may also be able to pay voluntary National Insurance contributions. In certain circumstances, Class 2 contributions may be available where a person is considered “gainfully employed” for National Insurance purposes, such as where property letting is their main occupation or they actively manage multiple properties. Where Class 2 contributions are not available, voluntary Class 3 contributions may be an option to help maintain entitlement to the State Pension and certain benefits.

Rental profits are calculated by deducting allowable expenses from rental income. Allowable expenses may include costs such as letting agent fees, maintenance and repairs, insurance, utilities, Council Tax, advertising and accountancy fees. However, capital expenditure, such as property purchase costs or improvements beyond basic repairs, is not deductible.

Losses from property letting may be carried forward and offset against future rental profits or other property income, but only within the same property business. There are different tax rules on what costs you can claim depending on whether it is residential or commercial properties.

The meaning of trade for tax purposes, often referred to as HMRC’s “badges of trade” test helps determine whether an activity is a genuine business or simply a personal hobby. While the test is not definitive, it provides important guidance on how HMRC views different activities. At some point, what starts as a hobby may evolve into a taxable trade. Understanding this distinction is important in order to assess whether an activity has become commercial in nature, meaning it could be subject to tax.

As part of their investigation into whether a hobby has evolved into a trade, HMRC typically examines the following badges of trade:

• Profit-seeking motive
• The number of transactions
• The nature of the asset
• The existence of similar trading transactions or interests
• Changes made to the asset
• The manner in which the sale was carried out
• The source of finance used
• The interval of time between purchase and sale
• The method of acquisition

It is important to note that there is no statutory definition of the term ‘trade.’ The only statutory clarification available is that ‘trade’ includes a ‘venture in the nature of trade.’ As a result, it is the courts that have provided a definition of what constitutes a 'trade,' and these decisions serve as a framework for guiding HMRC's assessments when disputes arise.

The badges of trade have proven to be valuable indicators in numerous cases, providing practical guidance in distinguishing between a hobby and a taxable trade or business.

When a couple separates or divorces, most attention focuses on the emotional and practical aspects. However, it is important to consider the tax implications of transferring assets, as these can have significant financial consequences if not managed carefully.

It is most important to consider if there are any Capital Gains Tax (CGT) implications. For transfers between spouses or civil partners, the rules changed on 6 April 2023. Couples that separate or divorce can transfer assets on a ‘no gain/no loss’ basis for up to three years after they stop living together. If the transfer is part of a formal divorce agreement, there is no time limit, ensuring no immediate CGT arises.

Private Residence Relief (PRR) may exempt individuals from paying CGT if the family home meets certain qualifying conditions. It is also important for couples to consider making a legally binding financial agreement. If an agreement cannot be reached, the court can issue a financial order, outlining how assets, financial support, and other arrangements are handled.

Careful planning during separation or divorce can help avoid unexpected tax charges and ensure that financial matters are resolved fairly for both parties.

The new rules will allow companies to raise more capital under the following schemes although investors will need to factor in reduced VCT Income Tax relief when assessing opportunities.

The Venture Capital Trusts (VCT) and Enterprise Investment Scheme (EIS) are designed to encourage private investment into trading companies. Both schemes help support business growth while at the same time encouraging individuals to fund these companies.

A number of changes to the schemes were announced at Budget 2025 and will apply from 6 April 2026.

The main changes are as follows:

• Gross assets limits: Companies’ gross assets will increase for EIS and VCT eligibility to £30 million immediately before the share issue (from £15 million) and £35 million immediately after the issue (from £16 million).
• Annual investment limits: Companies will be able to raise up to £10 million annually (from £5 million) and £20 million for knowledge-intensive companies (from £10 million).
• Lifetime investment limits: Companies’ lifetime limit will increase to £24 million (from £12 million), and £40 million for knowledge-intensive companies (from £20 million).
• VCT Income Tax relief: The rate of Income Tax relief for individuals investing in VCTs will reduce from 30% to 20%.

These increases in annual, lifetime and gross assets apply only to qualifying companies that are not registered in Northern Ireland and are not engaged in trading goods, or in the generation, transmission, distribution, supply, wholesale trade, or cross-border exchange of electricity. These companies remain eligible under the current scheme limits.

These changes are designed to encourage larger investments into qualifying companies. Investors should be aware of the reduced VCT Income Tax relief available and ensure that investments still remain worthwhile.

While there are many state benefits available, it is not always clear which of these are taxable and which are tax-free.

HMRC’s guidance outlines the following list of the most common state benefits which are taxable, subject to the usual limits:

• Bereavement Allowance (previously Widow’s Pension)
• Carer’s Allowance or (in Scotland only) Carer Support Payment
• Contribution-Based Employment and Support Allowance (ESA)
• Incapacity Benefit (from the 29th week you receive it)
• Jobseeker’s Allowance (JSA)
• Pensions Paid by the Industrial Death Benefit Scheme
• The State Pension
• Widowed Parent’s Allowance

The most common state benefits that usually tax-free include the following:

• Attendance Allowance
• Bereavement Support Payment
• Child Benefit (income-based – use the Child Benefit tax calculator to see if you’ll have to pay tax)
• Disability Living Allowance (DLA)
• Free TV Licence for Over-75s
• Guardian’s Allowance
• Housing Benefit
• Income Support – though you may have to pay tax on Income Support if you’re involved in a strike
• Income-Related Employment and Support Allowance (ESA)
• Industrial Injuries Benefit
• Lump-Sum Bereavement Payments
• Maternity Allowance
• Pension Credit
• Personal Independence Payment (PIP)
• Severe Disablement Allowance
• Universal Credit
• War Widow’s Pension
• Winter Fuel Payments and Christmas Bonus

If your business imports goods into the UK, it is important to be familiar with the Customs Declaration Service and to ensure that any duty payments are made correctly and on time to avoid delays, interest or penalties.

The Customs Declaration Service (CDS) is a specially designed IT platform used for completing customs declarations for businesses that import or export goods from the UK. All electronic import declarations must be submitted through the CDS.

When you import goods into the UK using the CDS, you must pay any tax due promptly. Payments should reach HMRC by the deadline, and if that falls on a weekend or bank holiday then the payment must arrive by the previous working day.

Late payments may result in interest charges and / or penalties. You will need your unique 16-character reference number starting with “CDSI,” which is specific to each declaration, to make a payment. Using the wrong number can delay the release of your goods.

Payment can be made online through your bank account or with a debit or corporate credit card (personal credit cards are not accepted). Online bank payments are usually instant but may take up to two hours to appear, while card payments are recorded on the date made.

Payments can also be made by bank transfer. CHAPS or Faster Payments usually arrive the same or next day, while BACS take about three working days. UK payments should go to HMRC’s Customs Duty Schemes account (sort code 08 32 10, account number 14077970). Overseas payments must be made in GBP. There are also options to pay by cheque, allowing three working days for delivery. If there are payment issues or further advice is required, you can contact HMRC’s National Clearance Hub.