Income Tax

If you are required to complete a self-assessment tax return, HMRC may charge penalties if you miss the deadline for making a filing or payment. 

There are also penalties if you fail to register on time for self-assessment. If you register late and do not pay your tax bill by the required deadline, you may receive a ‘failure to notify’ penalty. This is calculated based on the amount of tax still outstanding and is usually issued within 12 months of HMRC receiving your return.

If you submit your tax return after the deadline, you will typically receive an initial £100 penalty. This is followed by daily penalties of £10 per day after three months (up to £900), and further charges at six and twelve months based on a percentage of the tax due or a fixed amount, whichever is higher.

If you pay your tax late, additional penalties of 5% of the unpaid tax may be charged after 30 days, six months and twelve months. In addition, you will also be charged interest on the outstanding balance until it is paid.

Penalties must usually be paid within 30 days of the penalty notice date, and failure to do so may result in further enforcement action. If you believe a penalty has been issued incorrectly, you can appeal where you have a reasonable excuse, and HMRC will consider your circumstances before deciding whether to cancel or reduce penalties charged.

Making Tax Digital (MTD) for Income Tax is being rolled out in stages for sole traders and landlords who complete self-assessment returns. Liability to register depends on the level of “qualifying income”, which includes income from self-employment and property.

Since April 2026, those with qualifying income over £50,000 have been required to maintain digital records and submit quarterly updates of trading or property income and expenses

Further registration for MTD will be required from April 2027, when the threshold will reduce to £30,000, and in April 2028 it will further reduce to £20,000. The thresholds are based on income reported for the previous tax year, meaning your obligation to join MTD is triggered by your most recently submitted self-assessment return.

For example, the £30,000 threshold that applies from 6 April 2027 is linked to your qualifying income for the 2025–26 tax year. If your reported income for that year exceeds £30,000, you will be required to start using MTD from April 2027.

HMRC reviews your self-assessment return each year to determine your qualifying income. If you exceed the relevant threshold, they will normally write to confirm when you must start using the system. However, even if you do not receive a letter, it remains your responsibility to check whether you are required to comply and to prepare in time.

If you believe you fall within the rules but have not been notified, you should check your income against the thresholds and ascertain whether you are required to sign up.

Many married couples and civil partners could be missing out on valuable tax savings available by claiming the Marriage Allowance. If your circumstances are suitable, this is a reminder to consider the Marriage Allowance, as a simple claim could reduce your tax bill by up to £252 during the 2026-27 tax year.

The Marriage Allowance allows a spouse or civil partner with income below their Personal Allowance to transfer £1,260 of that allowance to their partner. The standard Personal Allowance is £12,570 for the 2026-27 tax year. To qualify, the person receiving the transfer must normally be a basic-rate taxpayer and the higher-earning partner must also be a basic rate taxpayer. This generally means they have income between £12,571 and £50,270 during 2026-27. Different limits apply for Scottish taxpayers because of Scotland's separate Income Tax bands.

Although the transfer reduces the lower earner's Personal Allowance, the overall effect is usually beneficial for the couple as a whole. For many households, it provides an easy way to reduce the amount of Income Tax paid without making any changes to their working arrangements or income levels.

It is also worth remembering that claims can be backdated where eligibility existed in earlier years. Eligible couples can currently backdate a claim to 6 April 2022, which could result in a useful lump-sum repayment from HMRC.

Once a successful claim has been made, the allowance will usually continue automatically in future tax years unless it is cancelled or a change in circumstances affects eligibility. Couples whose income levels have changed recently may therefore wish to review whether they qualify and ensure they are not overlooking this tax-saving opportunity.

Families claiming Child Benefit should be aware of the High Income Child Benefit Charge (HICBC), which can apply when one member of the household has a higher income.

The charge applies where an individual has adjusted net income of more than £60,000 in a tax year and either they or their partner receives a Child Benefit payment. The amount payable increases gradually as income rises, with the charge set at 1% of the Child Benefit received for every £200 of income above £60,000.

As a result, the impact of the charge is phased in rather than applying all at once. However, once income reaches £80,000, the charge effectively claws back all of the Child Benefit received, removing the direct financial benefit of the payments.

Eligible taxpayers can elect to have the charge collected through their PAYE tax code rather than completing a self-assessment tax return. This measure is intended to reduce the administrative burden for employees whose only reason for filing a self-assessment tax return is to declare the HICBC.

Although some families choose to stop receiving Child Benefit to avoid the charge, it is often worthwhile to continue making a claim. Registering for Child Benefit can help protect entitlement to National Insurance credits for parents or carers and ensures children are automatically issued with a National Insurance number shortly before their 16th birthday.

Taxpayers with income approaching or exceeding £60,000 should review their position regularly to ensure they are complying with the rules and making the most appropriate choice for their circumstances.

A reminder that the tax rules for how online platforms report seller information to HMRC changed on 1 January 2024. Digital platforms such as eBay, Vinted and Airbnb are required to collect and verify certain details about users who sell goods or provide services through their sites. This data is shared with HMRC.

In general, platforms will only report information where sellers have either sold around 30 or more items or earned approximately £1,725 (around €2,000) in a calendar year. If you meet these thresholds, your platform provider will usually notify you that your data has been shared.

Importantly, this reporting requirement does not automatically mean tax is due or that you need to file a tax return. Many people who simply sell personal belongings occasionally will have no tax to pay.

However, you may need to register for self-assessment and pay tax if you are trading rather than casually selling. This includes situations where you buy goods to resell, make items to sell for profit, or regularly provide services through online platforms. A key threshold to be aware of applied if you generate a total income from trading or providing services online of more than £1,000 before deducting expenses in any tax year.

As has always been the case, genuine hobby sellers are not affected, but those running a business through online platforms should ensure they understand their tax obligations and keep accurate records. HMRC also provides guidance and tools to help individuals check whether their income is taxable.

If you receive income from renting out property, it is important to understand your tax obligations and the reliefs that may be available. Rental income is generally taxable, although landlords can deduct certain allowable expenses before calculating the amount of tax due.

For individuals, who personally own rental property, the first £1,000 of rental income each tax year may be covered by the property allowance. Where rental income exceeds this amount, landlords may need to contact HMRC to complete a self-assessment tax return, depending on the level of income and profit generated.

Tax is normally charged on the profit from renting out residential property rather than the gross rent received. Landlords can reduce their taxable profit by claiming allowable expenses such as letting agent fees, insurance, repairs and maintenance, utility bills, service charges, accountancy fees and advertising costs. However, costs that improve or significantly enhance a property are generally treated as capital expenditure and cannot be deducted as day-to-day expenses.

Landlords may also be able to claim Replacement of Domestic Items Relief when replacing items such as beds, carpets, curtains, sofas and white goods provided for tenants.

National Insurance may also be relevant. Landlords whose property activities amount to a business may be eligible to pay voluntary Class 2 National Insurance contributions, while others may be able to make voluntary Class 3 contributions to help maintain their entitlement to the State Pension and certain benefits.

Where multiple properties are owned, rental income and expenses are usually combined to calculate an overall profit or loss. Any losses can usually be carried forward and offset against future profits from the same property business.

Self-assessment taxpayers are usually required to make payments on account to pay their Income Tax liabilities. These are paid in two instalments, the first on 31 January during the tax year and the second on 31 July following the end of the tax year. A final balancing payment (or repayment) is then due by 31 January after the end of the tax year.

The payments on account are based on 50% each of the previous year’s net Income Tax liability. In addition, the third (or only) payment of tax will be due on 31 January following the end of the tax year. If you think that your income for the next tax year will be lower than the previous tax year, you can apply to have your payment on account reduced. This can be done using HMRC’s online service or by completing form SA303.

It is important to note that you do not need to make any payments on account where your net Income Tax liability for the previous tax year is less than £1,000 or if more than 80% of that year’s tax liability has been collected at source.

There are no restrictions on the number of claims to adjust payments on account a taxpayer or agent can make. The payments are based on 50% of your previous year’s net Income Tax liability. If your liability for 2025-26 is lower than 2024-25 you can ask HMRC to reduce your payment on account. The deadline for making a claim to reduce your payments on account for 2025-26 is 31 January 2027.

If taxable profits have increased there is no requirement to notify HMRC although the final balancing payment will be higher.

Making Tax Digital (MTD) for Income Tax is now in force for many self-employed individuals and landlords. Since 6 April 2026, taxpayers with qualifying business or property income exceeding £50,000 are required to maintain digital records and submit quarterly updates to HMRC using compatible software.

The threshold is scheduled to reduce to £30,000 from April 2027 and to £20,000 from April 2028, bringing many more taxpayers within the scope of the rules. Although quarterly submissions are now required, taxpayers must still complete a final year-end declaration by the following 31 January.

Choosing which software to use for MTF is therefore an important decision. The software should be able to keep digital records, submit quarterly updates, support the final declaration process and link directly with HMRC systems. Some products are designed for more simple requirements, while others offer more advanced features such as invoicing, bank feeds, receipt capture and integration with existing accounting systems.

HMRC also recognises that some taxpayers may wish to continue using spreadsheets. This remains a possibility provided these are linked to HMRC through compatible ‘bridging’ software.

We would be happy to help recommend suitable software solutions that manage the MTD for Income Tax most appropriately for your circumstances.
 

Your UK residence status affects how much tax you pay in the UK and, in particular, whether your foreign income and gains are subject to UK tax.

In simple terms, UK residents are normally taxed on their worldwide income and gains, while non-residents are generally only taxed on UK-source income and certain UK assets.

Residence status is mainly determined under the Statutory Residence Test, which looks at the number of days spent in the UK together with other connections you may have here.

You may be resident under the automatic UK tests if:

• you spent 183 or more days in the UK in the tax year
• your only home was in the UK for 91 days or more in a row – and you visited or stayed in it for at least 30 days of the tax year
• you worked full-time in the UK for any period of 365 days and at least one day of that period was in the tax year you’re checking

You may also be resident under the sufficient ties test if you have spent time in the UK and have family, work or property ties to the UK.

On the other hand, individuals working full-time overseas and spending limited time in the UK may qualify as non-resident under what is known as the overseas tests.

Special split-year rules can sometimes apply when moving into or out of the UK, meaning the tax year is divided between resident and non-resident periods.

Depending on your income and circumstances, you may need to register for self-assessment. This may be the case even if most of your income is taxed through PAYE.

You will usually need to file a self-assessment tax return if you are self-employed as a sole trader and your gross income exceeds £1,000 before expenses. Partners in business partnerships must also submit a self-assessment tax return.

A self-assessment tax return may also be required if your total taxable income exceeds £150,000 in the 2026-27 tax year, although people with lower income levels can still fall within self-assessment depending on their circumstances. This often applies where there is other untaxed income, such as rental income, foreign income, savings or investment income, including dividends.

Other common reasons for filing include paying Capital Gains Tax after selling assets or being liable to the High Income Child Benefit Charge. Although some smaller amounts of income relating to online selling or property income may be covered by allowances, it is important to check the position carefully.

If you need to complete a tax return for the first time, HMRC must generally be notified by 5 October following the end of the relevant tax year. For the 2026-27 tax year ending on 5 April 2027, the registration deadline will usually be 5 October 2027. HMRC also provides an online checker to help determine whether you need to file a return that can be found at www.gov.uk/check-additional-income-tax.