Income Tax

If your taxable income for the 2026–27 tax year is less than £17,570, you will not pay any tax on the interest you receive. This figure combines the £5,000 starting rate for savings (taxed at 0%) with the £12,570 personal allowance.

In addition, the Personal Savings Allowance (PSA) provides further tax-free savings interest: basic-rate taxpayers can earn up to £1,000 in interest tax-free, while higher-rate taxpayers can earn up to £500. Those who pay the additional rate of tax on income over £125,140 are not eligible for the PSA. This means that a basic-rate taxpayer with no other income could receive up to £18,570 in tax-free interest.

It is important to understand that if your total non-savings income exceeds £17,570, you are no longer eligible for the starting savings rate. However, if your non-savings income falls between £12,570 and £17,570, the starting rate is reduced by £1 for every £1 your income exceeds your personal allowance.

Interest earned from ISAs or premium bond winnings is not included in these thresholds and remains tax-free. Those with higher savings in tax-free accounts can continue to benefit from their applicable PSA.

Banks and building societies no longer deduct tax from interest payments automatically. If you do owe tax on savings income, you must declare it through a self-assessment tax return.

If you have overpaid tax on your savings interest, you can submit a claim for a refund. Claims can be backdated up to four years from the end of the current tax year. For the 2022–23 tax year, the deadline to make a claim is 5 April 2027.

If you are self-employed or a member of a partnership, you may be able to claim tax relief when your business makes a loss. There are several ways trading losses can be used, but each loss can only be used once and specific conditions apply.

For the 2025–26 tax year, losses can be set against your total income for the same year and/or the previous tax year (2024–25). You must use the loss as far as possible in one year before applying any remaining amount elsewhere. If losses are not fully relieved against income, any remaining balance may, in some cases, be set against chargeable gains.

A claim can also be made for losses made in the first 4 years of trade known as early trade losses relief. This allows losses to be carried back against income of the three earlier tax years (2022–23, 2023-24 and 2024–25), starting with the earliest year. Claims must generally be made by 31 January 2027.

Unused losses can be carried forward and set against future profits of the same trade. In certain cases, where a business is incorporated, losses may be set against income from the company (known as pre-incorporation relief).

If your business ceases, terminal loss relief may apply. Losses arising in the final 12 months can be carried back against profits of the same trade for up to three previous tax years, starting with the most recent.

Relief may be restricted if the trade is not commercial or is carried on without a view to profit. In addition, an overall cap applies to certain income tax reliefs, limiting claims to the higher of £50,000 or 25% of adjusted total income.

The 2025–26 tax year ended on 5 April 2026, and attention now turns to filing your self-assessment tax return. While many leave this until the last minute, there are advantages to filing early.

There are two ways to file your return. You can submit a paper return, which must be filed by 31 October 2026, or file online, with a deadline of 31 January 2027. The 31 January deadline is also when any tax due for 2025–26 must be paid, along with the first payment on account for 2026–27.

Although the deadline may seem distant, preparing your return early can make a significant difference. Filing early does not accelerate the payment date, but it does give you certainty over how much tax you owe. This allows time to budget and set funds aside, avoiding pressure in January.

There are other benefits too. If you are due a refund, submitting early means you receive it sooner. It also gives more time to gather missing information, resolve queries, and avoid the last-minute rush when systems are busy and deadlines are tight.

In short, early preparation puts you in more control, whether that means planning for a future tax bill or importantly securing a repayment without delay.

The rules as to who pays Income Tax in Scotland is determined by whether an individual is considered a Scottish taxpayer or not. For most people, determining Scottish taxpayer status is straightforward. Individuals who live in Scotland are considered Scottish taxpayers, while those who live elsewhere in the UK are not.

If a taxpayer has homes in both Scotland and elsewhere in the UK, HMRC guidance is used to determine their main home for Scottish Income Tax purposes. Those without a permanent home who regularly stay in Scotland, such as offshore workers or hotel residents, may also be liable for SRIT.

If a person moves to or from Scotland during a tax year, their tax liability is determined by where they spent the majority of that year. Scottish taxpayer status applies to the entire tax year and cannot be split.

Those defined as Scottish taxpayers are liable to pay the Scottish Rate of Income Tax (SRIT) on their non-savings and non-dividend income.

Your Personal Tax Account (PTA) is an easy and secure way to manage your tax online. You can use it to check your tax code, claim a refund and update your details, all in one place, without needing to contact HMRC by phone or post.

Every UK taxpayer has a PTA, but you will need to register through the Government Gateway or GOV.UK One Login to start using it. You may also be asked to confirm your identity during the setup process. This is to keep your details safe and normally involves using photo ID such as a passport or driving licence.

Currently, the following services are accessible through your PTA:

• check your Income Tax estimate and tax code
• fill in, send and view a personal tax return
• claim a tax refund
• check your Child Benefit
• check your income from work in the previous 5 years
• check how much Income Tax you paid in the previous 5 years
• check your State Pension
• check if you will benefit from paying voluntary National Insurance contributions and if you can pay online
• track tax forms that you’ve submitted online
• check or update your Marriage Allowance
• tell HMRC about a change of name or address
• check or update benefits you get from work, for example company car details and medical insurance
• find your National Insurance number
• find your Unique Taxpayer Reference (UTR) number
• check your Simple Assessment tax bill.

Making Tax Digital (MTD) for Income Tax began on 6 April 2026 for qualifying taxpayers. Those with qualifying income over £50,000 are now required to maintain digital records and submit updates of trading or property income and expenses using compatible software.

Under MTD for Income Tax, quarterly updates are required every three months for each self-employment and property business. These quarterly updates are simply summaries of income and expenses based on digital records. You do not need to make any accounting or tax adjustments before sending a quarterly update to HMRC. HMRC receives totals only, not individual digital records.

For those using standard tax year periods, the deadlines are:

• 7 August (covering the period 6 April to 5 July)
• 7 November (covering the period 6 April to 5 October)
• 7 February (covering the period 6 April to 5 January)
• 7 May (covering the period 6 April to 5 April)

Alternatively, calendar quarters can be used if they better match your accounting period, but the same deadline dates apply. This will make record keeping simpler if your accounting period ends on 31 March.

Even if there has been no activity, an update must still be submitted. Missing deadlines can lead to penalties, although HMRC has said they will not apply penalty points for late quarterly updates for the first 12 months. Penalty points will still apply for late tax returns.

If you have not yet checked whether you need to use Making Tax Digital (MTD) for Income Tax, now is the time to urgently see if you are affected. The Income Tax reporting requirements for some self-employed individuals and landlords will change significantly from 6 April 2026. MTD for Income Tax changes the traditional annual self-assessment process to a new digital record-keeping and quarterly updates process submitted through recognised software.

From April 2026, those with qualifying income over £50,000 will be required to maintain digital records and submit quarterly updates of trading or property income and expenses. From April 2027, the threshold will reduce to £30,000, and in April 2028 it will further reduce to £20,000. 

A full tax return will still be required by the following 31 January after the tax year i.e. the first MTD for Income Tax return, covering the 2026-27 tax year, will be due by 31 January 2028.

MTD aims to reduce errors, improve efficiency, and support business productivity. HMRC estimates that around 860,000 taxpayers will join in 2026, with more joining in 2027. 

The system also provides exemptions for those unable to go digital and offers accessible software solutions. Taxpayers joining MTD for Income Tax in April 2026 will not receive penalty points for late quarterly updates for the first 12 months. This will allow them time to adapt to the new system.

The Marriage Allowance applies to married couples and civil partners where one partner does not pay Income Tax, usually because their income is below the personal allowance. For the 2025–26 tax year, this means the lower-earning partner must earn less than £12,570. The figures remain the same for the upcoming 2026-27 tax year.

The allowance allows the lower-earning partner to transfer up to £1,260 of their unused personal allowance to their spouse or civil partner. This transfer is only permitted if the recipient is taxed at no more than the basic rate of Income Tax. This means the higher-earning partner must usually have an income between £12,571 and £50,270. For those living in Scotland, the figures are somewhat different. 

By using the allowance, up to £1,260 of unused personal allowance can be transferred, resulting in a tax saving of up to £252 per year for the higher-earning partner, calculated at 20% of the amount transferred.

If you meet the eligibility criteria and have not yet claimed the Marriage Allowance, you can backdate your claim for up to four previous tax years as well as the current tax year. This could result in a total tax saving of up to £1,260 across all eligible years. Claims, including backdated ones and those for the current year, can be submitted online via GOV.UK.

At present, claims can be backdated to the 2021–22 tax year, meaning you may be able to claim for 2021–22, 2022–23, 2023–24, 2024–25 and the current 2025–26 tax year. This could result in a tax saving of up to £252 a year for up to five years. Claims, including backdated claims and applications for the current year, can be made online via GOV.UK.

If you are concerned by the continuing pressures on your take-home pay and need some certainty on your Income Tax liability, the HMRC calculator available at https://www.gov.uk/estimate-income-tax can be helpful.  Alternatively, if you believe you may have overpaid tax, reviewing your position could help you claim a refund.

The 'Estimate your Income Tax' service allows employees to calculate how much Income Tax and National Insurance they are likely to pay for the current tax year (6 April 2025 to 5 April 2026). It is particularly useful for those paid through PAYE, giving a clear picture of expected take-home pay after tax, pension contributions and any student loan repayments.

The tool is straightforward to use, but there are a few important points to keep in mind. If you have more than one job, you will need to run the calculator separately for each source of income. It is also not suitable if your only income comes from state benefits, such as the State Pension.

While the calculator provides a helpful estimate, it does not account for every scenario. For example, certain repayments, such as the Winter Fuel Payment for higher earners are not available on the calculator.

Following the deadline for submission of self-assessment tax returns for the 2024–25 tax year, it is a useful time to revisit the rules on how long you should keep your tax records. There are no strict requirements for how records must be kept, but they should be retained either on paper, digitally, or within appropriate software.

For personal (non-business self-assessment records, you are generally required to keep them for at least 22 months after the end of the relevant tax year. This means records for the year ended 5 April 2025 should be kept until at least 31 January 2027. If you file your tax return late, you must keep the records for at least 15 months from the date of filing.

The types of records you should keep include those relating to:

• Income from employment e.g. P60, P45 or form P11D forms
• Expense records if you’ve had to pay for things like tools, travel or specialist clothing for work
• Documents relating to social security benefits, including Statutory Sick Pay, Statutory Maternity, Paternity or Adoption Pay and Jobseeker’s Allowance.
• Income from employee share schemes or share-related benefits
• Savings, investments and pensions e.g. statements of interest and income from your savings and investments
• Pension income e.g. details of pensions (including State Pension) and the tax deducted from it
• Rental income e.g. rent received and details of allowable expenses
• Any income which is open to Capital Gains Tax
• Foreign income

This is not an exhaustive list, and you should retain any additional records used in preparing your tax return.

Different rules apply for business records. Self-employed individuals must usually keep records for at least five years after the 31 January submission deadline. For the 2024–25 tax year, this means retaining records until at least 31 January 2031. Penalties may apply for failing to keep accurate and complete records.